![]() ![]() Red pigments in plants are thought to be involved in reproductive fitness, since red coloration of the fruit skin indicates to seed-dispersing animals that the fruit is mature and ready to eat ( Regan et al., 2001 Stintzing and Carle, 2004). Both MYB10 and MYB110a have conserved function in some cultivars, but they differ in their expression pattern and response to fruit maturity. The chromosomal location of MYB110a is consistent with a whole-genome duplication event that occurred during the evolution of apple within the Maloideae family. Functional characterization of MYB110a showed that it was able to up-regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum). We then demonstrated that the red-flesh cortex phenotype is associated with enhanced expression of MYB110a, a paralog of MYB10. We used methods that combine plant breeding, molecular biology, and genomics to identify duplicated MYB transcription factors that could control this phenotype. One such example is an open-pollinated seedling of cv Sangrado that has green foliage and develops red flesh in the fruit cortex late in maturity. However, the pattern of expression and allelic variation at these loci does not explain all anthocyanin-related apple phenotypes. In apple ( Malus × domestica), an R2R3 MYB transcription factor has been shown to control fruit flesh and foliage anthocyanin pigmentation ( MYB10) and fruit skin color ( MYB1). ![]() Anthocyanin accumulation is coordinated in plants by a number of conserved transcription factors. ![]()
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